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Sunday, September 30, 2012
New method monitors semiconductor etching as it happens -- with light
ScienceDaily (Sep. 28, 2012) ? University of Illinois researchers have a new low-cost method to carve delicate features onto semiconductor wafers using light -- and watch as it happens.
"You can use light to image the topography and you can use light to sculpture the topography," said electrical and computer engineering professor Gabriel Popescu. "It could change the future of semiconductor etching."
Chip makers and semiconductor researchers need to very precisely control the dimensions of their devices. The dimensions of the components affect performance, speed, error rate and time to failure.
Semiconductors are commonly shaped by etching with chemicals. Etching errors, such as residual layers, can affect the ability to further process and etch as well as hamper device performance. Thus, researchers use time-consuming and costly processes to ensure precise etching -- for some applications, to within a scant few nanometers.
The Illinois researchers' new technique can monitor a semiconductor's surface as it is etched, in real time, with nanometer resolution. It uses a special type of microscope that uses two beams of light to very precisely measure topography.
"The idea is that the height of the structure can be determined as the light reflects off the different surfaces," said electrical and computer engineering professor Lynford Goddard, who co-led the group with Popescu. "Looking at the change in height, you figure out the etch rate. What this allows us to do is monitor it while it's etching. It allows us to figure out the etch rate both across time and across space, because we can determine the rate at every location within the semiconductor wafer that's in our field of view."
The new method is faster, lower in cost, and less noisy than the widely used methods of atomic force microscopy or scanning tunneling microscopy, which cannot monitor etching in progress but only compare before and after measurements. In addition, the new method is purely optical, so there's no contact with the semiconductor surface and the researchers can monitor the whole wafer at once instead of point-by-point.
"I would say the main advantage of our optical technique is that it requires no contact," Popescu said. "We're just sending light, reflected off the sample, as opposed to an AFM where you need to come with a probe close to the sample."
In addition to monitoring the etching process, the light catalyzes the etching process itself, called photochemical etching. Traditional chemical etching creates features in steps or plateaus. For curved surfaces or other shapes, semiconductor researchers use photochemical etching. Usually, light shines though very expensive glass plates called masks that have distinct patterns of gray to let light through by degrees. A researcher must purchase or make a mask for each tweak of a pattern until the correct pattern of features is achieved.
By contrast, the new method uses a projector to shine a grayscale image onto the sample being etched. This allows the researchers to create complex patterns quickly and easily, and adjust them as needed.
"To create each mask is very expensive. That's impractical for research," Goddard said. "Because our technique is controlled by the computer, it can be dynamic. So you can start off etching one particular shape, midway through realize that you want to make some change, and then change the projector pattern to get the desired outcome."
The researchers envision this technology applied beyond etching, to real-time monitoring of other processes in materials science and life science -- for example, watching carbon nanotubes self-assemble, or error monitoring during large-scale computer chip manufacturing. It could help chip manufacturers reduce costs and processing time by ensuring that equipment stays calibrated.
The National Science Foundation supported this work, published Sept. 28 in the journal Light: Science and Applications. Goddard and Popescu are also affiliated with the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology at the U. of I.
Graduate students Chris Edwards and Amir Arbabi were also co-authors of the paper.
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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
Journal Reference:
- Chris Edwards, Amir Arbabi, Gabriel Popescu, Lynford L Goddard. Optically monitoring and controlling nanoscale topography during semiconductor etching. Light: Science & Applications, 2012; 1 (9): e30 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2012.30
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.
Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.
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Last Western detainee at Gitmo returns to Canada
TORONTO (AP) ? The last Western detainee held at the U.S. military prison in Guantanamo Bay returned to Canada Saturday after a decade in custody and was transferred to a maximum security prison where he awaits parole, Canada's public safety minister said Saturday.
Vic Toews said that 26-year-old Omar Khadr arrived at a Canadian military base on a U.S. government plane early Saturday and was transferred to the Millhaven maximum security prison in Bath, Ontario.
The son of an alleged al-Qaida financier, Khadr pleaded guilty in 2010 to killing a U.S. soldier in Afghanistan and was eligible to return to Canada from Guantanamo Bay last October under terms of a plea deal. Canada's conservative government took almost a year to approve the transfer.
The U.S. Defense Department confirmed the transfer in a statement and said 166 detainees remain in detention at Guantanamo Bay.
Khadr was 15 when he was captured in 2002 in Afghanistan, and has spent a decade at the Guantanamo prison set up on the U.S. naval base in Cuba to hold suspected terrorists after the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks. He received an eight-year sentence in 2010 after being convicted of throwing a grenade that killed Army Sgt. 1st Class Christopher Speer during a 2002 firefight.
"His head is spinning a bit and it's going to be a real adjustment for him, but at the same time he is so happy to be home," John Norris, Khadr's Canadian lawyer, told The Associated Press.
"He can't believe that it is finally true. He simply can't. For very good reason he was quite fearful that the government would not follow through on its word and he's pinching himself right now not believing that this government has finally kept its word," he said.
Norris said Khadr would be eligible for parole as early as the summer of 2013. He said he's been returned to Canada 10 years too late.
Toews said that the U.S. government initiated Khadr's transfer and suggested that Canada had little choice but to accept him because he is a Canadian citizen. It will be up to Canada's national parole board to release him, Toews said.
"Omar Khadr is a known supporter of the al-Qaida terrorist network and a convicted terrorist," Toews said.
Toews called for "robust conditions of supervision" if Khadr is granted parole. Toews said in his written decision that he reviewed all the files forwarded by the U.S. government and said the parole board should consider his concerns that Omar "idealizes" his father and "appears to deny "Ahmed Khadr's lengthy history of terrorist action and association with al-Qaida."
Toews also said that Omar Khadr's mother and sister "have openly applauded" his father's "crimes and terrorist activities" and noted that Omar has had "little contact with Canadian society and will require substantial management in order to ensure safe integration in Canada."
"I am satisfied the Correctional Service of Canada can administer Omar Khadr's sentence in a manner which recognizes the serious nature of the crimes that he has committed and ensure the safety of Canadians is protected during incarceration," Toews said.
Norris said it is regrettable that the minister is trying to influence the parole board.
"Most of what he has said there is simply not true. It's part of the stereotype of Omar that this government has been disseminating from the beginning," Norris said.
He added that once the Correctional Service "will get to know Omar" they will "recommend appropriate conditions."
Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper's Conservative government had long refused to request the return of Khadr, the youngest detainee held at Guantanamo. The reluctance is partly due to suspicions about the Khadr family, which has been called "the first family of terrorism."
Defense attorneys have said Khadr was pushed into fighting the Americans in Afghanistan by his father, Ahmed Said Khadr, an alleged al-Qaida financier whose family stayed with Osama bin Laden briefly when Omar Khadr was a boy.
The Egyptian-born father was killed in 2003 when a Pakistani military helicopter shelled the house where he was staying with senior al-Qaida operatives.
The father was arrested in Pakistan in 1995 after a bomb attack targeting the Egyptian embassy in Islamabad, but was released after former Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chretien appealed to Pakistan to give him due process. Canada was embarrassed when he later emerged as a senior al-Qaida figure.
His son, Omar, was found in the rubble of a bombed-out compound badly wounded and near death in Afghanistan in 2002.
Khadr's family did not immediately respond to messages seeking comment about his release. Norris said he told the family Saturday morning that Omar had returned to Canada.
Norris said it's not for him to say whether Omar should live with his family once he's released.
"You can't change the fact that they are his family," Norris said. "They love him and I know that they'll find a way."
Norris said Khadr has received some education in Guantanamo Bay and hopes that will continue so that he's able to reintegrate into the community.
Khadr has claimed in the past that he was abused at Guantanamo, but Canadian Foreign Affairs officials said they accept U.S. assurances that Khadr was treated humanely. Human rights groups and opposition parties in Canada have long criticized Harper's Conservative government for not doing enough for Khadr.
U.S. Defense Secretary Leon Panetta signed off on Khadr's transfer in April. Panetta said in Ottawa earlier this year that sending Khadr back to Canada would be an important step because it would serve as an example to other detainees who are looking to return to their home countries or other places. Some Guantanamo detainees have been reluctant to agree to plea deals after noting that Khadr had remained in Guantanamo despite being eligible to leave since last October.
Suzanne Nossel, Amnesty International USA Executive Director, said the Guantanamo prison should finally be closed. She said Canada now has a chance to right what she called the many wrongs against Khadr and called for an investigation into Khadr's allegations of torture.
"Given the Obama administration's glacial pace towards closing the U.S.-controlled detention center, little and late though it is, today's news represents progress," Nossell said in a statement. "Khadr was imprisoned at the age of 15, subjected to ill-treatment and then prosecuted in a military commissions system that does not meet international fair trial standards. Growing up in Guantanamo and facing more prison time in Canada, his future remains uncertain."
The New York-based Center for Constitutional Rights released a statement calling Khadr's case "one of the ugliest chapters in the decade-long history of Guantanamo."
"Khadr never should have been brought to Guantanamo. He was a child of fifteen at the time he was captured, and his subsequent detention and prosecution for purported war crimes was unlawful, as was his torture by U.S. officials," CCR Legal Director Baher Azmy said.
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Friday, September 28, 2012
Occupy protester can't keep tweets from DA
9 hrs.
NEW YORK???An Occupy Wall Street protester has lost his latest bid to prevent the Manhattan district attorney's office from using his tweets against him, clearing the way for the judge overseeing the case to unseal the tweets and give them to prosecutors.
In a case that has drawn the attention of electronic privacy advocates, a New York judge denied a request from the protester, Malcolm Harris, to put the tweets on ice while his appeal is pending.
Harris, 23, was arrested along with hundreds of others during a mass march across the Brooklyn Bridge in October 2011 for obstructing vehicular traffic.
Prosecutors subpoenaed Twitter for several months of his tweets, which are no longer available online, to combat his argument that police appeared to lead the protest onto the bridge before turning around and arresting them for walking on the roadway.
Electronic privacy advocates worry a precedent could be set that would make it more difficult for social media users to challenge law enforcement's use of their online words against them.
Twitter and Harris have unsuccessfully fought the subpoena, which has been repeatedly upheld as lawful by Manhattan Criminal Court Judge Matthew Sciarrino. The San Francisco-based company finally surrendered the tweets earlier this month after Sciarrino threatened it with contempt and a hefty fine.
Sciarrino had agreed to seal the tweets until a state Supreme Court judge ruled on Harris' latest request for a stay of Sciarrino's order upholding the subpoena. The judge, Carol Huff, denied the request this week.
Martin Stolar, Harris' attorney, said he was "disappointed" but would continue to pursue other legal challenges.
Sciarrino is reviewing the tweets and will provide to prosecutors those that appear relevant to the criminal case.
Twitter still has an appeal of Sciarrino's order pending in an intermediate appellate court, scheduled to be heard in November.
Harris also has a separate civil action pending, claiming Sciarrino overstepped his authority; prosecutors have asked a court to dismiss that lawsuit as an improper attempt to circumvent the normal appellate procedure.
Harris' criminal trial is scheduled for December.
The case is People v. Harris, Criminal Court of the City of New York, No. 2011NY080152.
(Editing by Dan Grebler)?
(c) CopyrightThomson Reuters 2012. Check for restrictions at:?http://about.reuters.com/fulllegal.asp?
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QE3 may spark a Currency War as Traders anticipate more CB ...
Posted by FXCC Forex Trading Broker on 27 September 2012.
In an article featured by the Financial Times dated September 26, 2012, writer Alice Ross raised the possibility that the Fed?s new round of quantitative easing dubbed as QE3 may spark a currency war. Other countries, particularly Japan and Brazil have openly criticized the QE3 claiming that it is an intentional ploy by the Fed to keep the U.S. Dollar low against other currencies. A low dollar has the net effect of cutting down the export earnings of countries selling goods to the U.S. as well as making imports by U.S. traders from these countries more expensive. While a low dollar may be good to the U.S. economy, it can wreak havoc to the economies of its trading partners.
The Fed?s intention behind the QE3 is to inject more capital to the banking system by buying their long term debt instruments like mortgages. Fed is projecting that with more capital on hand, banks will start lending money to businesses which in turn will give the economy the big push it needs. Unfortunately, QE3 has a negative effect of weakening the dollar which actually started sliding down against other currencies even before the third round of quantitative easing was put in place two weeks ago.
Already, the BOJ increased its own bond buying program to bring down the value of the Japanese Yen against the U.S. currency in response to the QE3. Traders are speculating that a large scale BOJ intervention may be in the works according to the same Financial Times article, especially after its bond buying efforts failed to weaken the yen. Other countries which have expressly intervened to depend their respective currencies in the past are also likely to follow as they start to realize the crippling effect of a weak dollar to their own economy. This may ultimately lead to an unprecedented currency war according to some analysts.
The possibility of central bank intervention in the currency market is what the majority of traders fear most. Learning lessons from the past when Central Banks intervened in the open to defend their currencies, these traders have in fact started to draw away from currencies whose central banks are more likely to step in and intervene. They are setting their sights on currencies whose central banks are not known to intervene in the currency market like Mexico.
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Meanwhile, in the European front, Spain?s cost of borrowing has risen sharply, fueling speculations that Spain may finally avail of the ECB rescue plan. However, the stringent belt tightening measures being required from them by the ECB have already fired up separatist sentiments within the country, especially in the Catalonia region and among Basque separatists. The situation has placed the Spanish financial authorities in a queer ?damned if you do, damned if you don?t? kind of a ticklish situation.
The U.S. dollar, on the other hand, has remained resilient amid all these conflicting developments. Apparently comfortable at the current levels of the U.S. currency, the Fed is concentrating more in reigniting the local economy and less concerned with the likelihood of a currency war which the QE3 detractors have prophesied.
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Seattle Floating Homes Sales Have Exceeded both 2011 & 2010 ...
Seattle Floating Homes Sales for 2012 Have Exceeded both 2011 & 2010 Market Numbers?and we are only in September
The official count of number of Seattle floating homes sold this year is now even with all of 2011 as well as all of 2010. ?13 Floating homes sold this year so far. ?I also happen to have closed on a Westlake floating home that I sold yesterday which has not gotten into the official records in the MLS yet, so we are actually at 14 for 2012 so far and have more to come including what could be the highest recorded sale of a Seattle luxury?floating?home in history.
Here are the details for 13 of the 14 sales which have closed this year so far:
seattle-floating-homes-sold-in-2012
details of floating homes sales 092012
In addition, if you are looking for Seattle floating homes sales of the past:
Seattle floating homes historical sales data
If you are looking at?Seattle houseboats?and interested in a Seattle floating homes Realtor, let me know how I can help you!? Courtney Cooper 206-850-8841?courtney@cooperjacobs.com
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10 Things to Know for Today
FILE - In this Aug. 9, 2012, file photo, officials walk towards the field for an NFL football game between the Buffalo Bills and the Washington Redskins in Orchard Park, N.Y. The NFL and referees' union reached a tentative agreement on Wednesday, Sept. 26, to end a three-month lockout that triggered a wave of frustration and anger over replacement officials and threatened to disrupt the rest of the season. (AP Photo/Bill Wippert, File)
FILE - In this Aug. 9, 2012, file photo, officials walk towards the field for an NFL football game between the Buffalo Bills and the Washington Redskins in Orchard Park, N.Y. The NFL and referees' union reached a tentative agreement on Wednesday, Sept. 26, to end a three-month lockout that triggered a wave of frustration and anger over replacement officials and threatened to disrupt the rest of the season. (AP Photo/Bill Wippert, File)
FILE - An F-22 Raptor flies near Edwards Air Force Base in Calif. , in this undated handout photo provided by Lockheed Martin. Years before F-22 pilots began getting dizzy in the cockpit, before one struggled to breathe as he tried to pull out of a fatal crash, before two more went on television to say the plane was so unsafe they refused to fly it, a small circle of U.S. Air Force experts knew something was wrong with the prized stealth fighter jet according to internal documents and emails obtained by The Associated Press. (AP Photo/Lockheed Martin, John Rossino, File)
People photograph the driveway in Roseville, Mich., Wednesday, Sept. 26, 2012 where police plan to take soil samples from under Friday after a tipster said it could be the final resting place of missing Teamsters leader Jimmy Hoffa. Roseville Police Chief James Berlin says a man claims to have seen a body buried there approximately 35 years ago. Berlin says the man believes it could be Hoffa. Hoffa disappeared in suburban Detroit in 1975, and his remains haven't been found. (AP Photo/Carlos Osorio)
Your daily look at late-breaking news, upcoming events and the stories that will be talked about today (times in EDT):
1. WHO'S COMING BACK TO THE FOOTBALL FIELD
A tentative agreement between the NFL and referees' union will bring the regular officials back for tonight's game.
2. NEXT UP AT THE U.N.
A speech by Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, who has a history of fiery General Assembly addresses, will be closely watched.
3. EARLY PREDICTIONS OF PROBLEMS WITH F-22 JETS
The Associated Press obtained internal documents showing recommendations to address safety concerns were rejected by military officials reluctant to add costs.
4. WHY ONE MAN'S MEDICAL NIGHTMARE MAY HELP MILLIONS
A new discovery in his treatment could offer a simple way to personalize cancer care.
5. WHERE THE SEARCH FOR HOFFA TURNS THIS TIME
Police test soil under a Detroit-area driveway after a man says the vanished Teamsters leader may have been buried there 35 years ago.
6. DOCTORS MAY BE KEY TO CURBING AGING DRIVERS
A new study shows that serious crash injuries drop after physicians warn seniors not to drive.
7. WHAT OHIO'S WHITE WORKING-CLASS VOTERS WANT
The key constituency is looking for a leader who will help people in work boots as much as those in wingtips, AP's Jesse Washington reports.
8. THE POPE'S ROLE IN HIS BUTLER'S TRIAL
He will be both victim and supreme judge in the theft case involving his once-trusted staff member.
9. HOW THE NEW JAGUAR F-TYPE PURRS
The brand's first new two-seater in half a century goes from 0 to 60 in 5.1 seconds.
10. POLICE DEPARTMENT GOES TO THE DOG
After the chief resigned, the only certified member of the Vaughn, N.M., force is Nikka, a drug-sniffing canine.
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Why men are failing in this new economy
Follow The Daily Ticker on Facebook!
In Hanna Rosin's new book "The End of Men: And the Rise of Women" she argues that women have gained a competitive advantage over men in the workplace.
There are more female employees in 12 of the 15 fastest growing industries and more women are choosing occupations that were previously monopolized by men. Women are even better educated ? for every two men who complete their bachelor's degree, there are three female graduates.
In an interview with The Daily Ticker, Rosin says the gender ratio balance has shifted partly because of the 6 million manufacturing jobs lost during the recession ? an industry that was heavily employed by men.
"The manufacturing sector is never going to come back exactly the way it was," she notes. "We can safely assume that era is over. What the "man-cession revealed," she says, "was deeper trends in the economy. [Trends] that allow women to adapt themselves more easily to what's going on."
Related: Re-Made in America: 5M Jobs Are Coming Back, Report Says
The labor participation rate for men has fallen to the lowest level in 64 years. There were more men than women out of work in August and the unemployment rate for men will likely rise as male-dominated professions like financial services cut thousands of jobs this year and next.
The jobs trend may be discouraging for men but it does not necessarily mean their demise. As the U.S. moves toward a service and information technology economy, men will have to become more flexible and change their attitudes about gender-assigned roles, Rosin says.
Related: Jobs Data Disconnect from Consumer Spending, Markets Disconnect from Reality
"Would it be such a bad thing if more men decided to become teachers? You often see women moving into professions that have previously been male dominated," she says. "But you almost never see the opposite. There's no real reason men can't take those jobs. It's kind of a social restriction. It violates their sense of manhood."
There may be a larger percentage of females in the labor market but that does not necessarily correlate to higher salaries for women. In 2010 women earned on average 77.4 cents for every dollar men earned in the same full-time position according to Census data. Women are not only working more hours and collecting less pay, but they have also taken over a role more traditionally connected to men: the breadwinner.
Related: Female Breadwinners Are Good for Both Sexes, Author Says
Mothers made as much or more than their husbands in two-thirds of U.S. families in 2010. Rosin surveyed 8,000 couples about this topic for her book. A small number of men said they were happy that their wives earned higher salaries and therefore shared the pressure of supporting a family. But the majority still believed that men should hold the breadwinner title.
Rosin says this new economic reality has deeply affected how men and women approach marriage and has forever transformed the conventional concept of the "American family."
Tell us what you think!
More from The Daily Ticker
New Home Sales Slip, But "This Time Is Different": CoreLogic's Chief Economist
The Future Is Electric Cars: Fmr. GM Vice Chairman Bob Lutz
All Cars Will Be Driverless in 20 Years: Bob Lutz
Source: http://finance.yahoo.com/blogs/daily-ticker/why-men-failing-economy-130616322.html
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Monday, September 24, 2012
Need Some Help With Email Marketing? - Khairul Ariffin's Internet ...
The Internet has created new ways for businesses to communicate with clients. An excellent method of establishing and maintaining a continuing relationship with customers is email marketing. The knowledge provided in the below article can assist you in beginning a very effective email marketing plan for your company.
Understand that the ultimate goal of an email marketing campaign is to generate more sales. Each email that subscribers receive should move them closer to making a purchase. Share new product information, coupons, discounts and new promotions with your readers.
Your subject line should be designed to grab the attention of your reader. Your customers are more likely to read the email if the subject header interests them. An email with a suspicious or lackluster subject line will get trashed without it being opened.
Don?t send emails that require images to present information. A lot of email clients will block images right away. If the images do not display automatically, you messages can be unreadable. Always put your most important information into clear text, and make sure that any images you do use have descriptive alt tags.
You can get your audience?s attention by sending out a coupon. One way to do this is to include a link to a page on your site that displays the offer and details. Make sure you explain the kind of savings they can make by using this coupon.
Emails are quick and personal ways to interact with customers. As you draft your email messages, make sure they are fairly brief, or are a length that makes sense based on your product or industry sector. Longer emails are likely to be deleted without having been read. Don?t forget to include a link back to your website!
Have a compelling title. When a customer is checking their inbox, the email subject title is what they will see first. Make sure it is catchy and strong so that they are tempted to read on further. If you can do that, you have won half the battle, and they will keep reading.
If you have opt-out links in your advertising emails, make sure that they are legitimate and work in a timely matter. If you send emails over a week once they?ve opted out, it?ll look disrespectful to them.
It?s a fact that the World Wide Web has created new and exciting ways to do business. In order to connect with new customers and seek out new ones, a business owner can take advantage of the powerful communications tools offered by email marketing. Make good use of the advice in this article so your email marketing plan will succeed.
Khairul Ariffin is a author. He began writing articles on various subjects for websites he owned as well as for use by other webmasters. Please leave your comment below.
Sorry, comments are closed.
Source: http://khairulariffin.com/need-some-help-with-email-marketing-try-these-solutions-2/
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Israeli defense chief proposes West Bank pullout
FILE - In this Feb. 18, 2012 file photo, Israeli Defense Minister Ehud Barak speaks during a press conference in Tokyo, Japan. in an interview published Monday, Sept. 24, 2012 Barak called for a unilateral pullout from most of the West Bank if peace efforts with the Palestinians remain stalled.(AP Photo/Koji Sasahara, File)
FILE - In this Feb. 18, 2012 file photo, Israeli Defense Minister Ehud Barak speaks during a press conference in Tokyo, Japan. in an interview published Monday, Sept. 24, 2012 Barak called for a unilateral pullout from most of the West Bank if peace efforts with the Palestinians remain stalled.(AP Photo/Koji Sasahara, File)
JERUSALEM (AP) ? Israel's defense minister called for a unilateral pullout from much of the West Bank in published comments Monday, saying Israel must take "practical steps" if peace efforts with the Palestinians remain stalled.
The comments by Defense Minister Ehud Barak appeared to put him at odds with Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, who has resisted making any major concessions to the Palestinians in the absence of peace talks. Negotiations have been deadlocked for nearly four years. Netanyahu's office declined comment.
Barak's proposal is unlikely to be implemented, at least in the near term. Netanyahu's coalition is dominated by hardliners who would be reluctant to embrace the plan. But Netanyahu is widely expected to call early elections in the coming weeks, and Barak may be trying to attract centrist voters to his party ahead of an upcoming campaign.
Speaking to the Israel Hayom newspaper, Barak called for uprooting dozens of Jewish settlements in the West Bank, but said Israel would keep major settlement "blocs."
These blocs, home to 80 to 90 percent of the settler population, are mostly located near the frontiers with Israel proper, though one of them, Ariel, is located deep inside the West Bank. Barak also said Israel would need to maintain a military presence along the West Bank's border with Jordan.
The remaining settlers would be given financial incentives to leave, or be allowed to remain in their homes under Palestinian control for a five-year "trial period," Barak said.
"It's better to reach an agreement with the Palestinians, but if that doesn't happen, we must take practical steps to start a separation," he said. "It will help us not only in dealing with the Palestinians, but also with other countries in the region, with the Europeans, and with the American administration ? and of course (will help) us."
The proposal falls far short of Palestinian demands for all of the West Bank, along with adjacent east Jerusalem and the Gaza Strip, for a future independent state. Israel captured the areas in the 1967 Mideast war, though it withdrew unilaterally from Gaza in 2005.
Sabri Sedam, an aide to Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas, rejected Barak's proposal. He said continued Israeli control of the settlement blocs and east Jerusalem would make the establishment of a Palestinian state impossible.
"The major settlement blocs separate the West Bank and confiscates east Jerusalem," Sedam said. "These settlement blocs are not isolated populations. They are connected communities, passing through the Palestinian land, which kills any geographical contiguity for a Palestinian state."
The 12 million people who live in Israel plus the Palestinian areas are roughly equally divided between Arabs and Jews, and the Arab birthrate is generally higher.
In Israel proper, Jews make up about three-quarters of the population. But when the Palestinian areas are included, Jews could soon find themselves a minority in Israel-controlled areas. Dovish Israelis have cited this demographic argument for years as a key reason to pull out of the West Bank. Even Netanyahu has raised concerns about the demographic issue.
"We have not been a year or two in Judea and Samaria, but 45 years," Barak said, using the biblical terms for the West Bank. "The time has come to make decisions based not only on ideology and gut feelings, but from a cold reading of reality."
But unilateral moves are extremely controversial in Israel.
Israel pulled out of the Gaza Strip in 2005, citing demographics. Within two years, Hamas militants overran the territory, using it to fire thousands of rockets into Israel. Israeli hardliners fear the same thing could happen in the West Bank
Peace talks have been stalled since late 2008, in large part because of the Jewish settlements. The Palestinians refuse to negotiate while Israel continues to build new homes for settlers on occupied territory.
Netanyahu has refused to halt settlement construction, saying all disagreements must be resolved in negotiations.
___
Associated Press Writer Dalia Nammari in Ramallah, West Bank, contributed to this report.
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Foolproof security arrangements for medical entry test | Pakistan ...
RAWALPINDI?-?Foolproof security arrangements have been made for the medical entry test to be held on Sunday.
The centers for the medical entry test had been established in Govt. Post Graduate College for Women Satellite Town, Govt. College for Boys Satellite Town, Siddique Public School 6th Road and Ideal Cambridge School 6th Road.
Walkthrough gates would be installed on the entry gates of each centre. Waiting halls had been established in each center for the people who would accompany the candidates, while proper drinking water facilities and sitting arrangements would be ensured for the visitors.
According to a city district government spokesman, all arrangements in this regard had already been finalized.
SSP Operation informed that the required police officials would be deployed for the security arrangements in all the centers and a comprehensive security plan had also been prepared in this connection. All roads adjoining the areas where the entry tests would be conducted would be blocked for all kinds of traffic and no vehicular traffic would be allowed to pass on these roads including the vehicles of the students and their attendants for security reasons. Special information counters would be established in each examination center where the students would be guided about their roll numbers and the seating arrangement within the center. Besides, a shuttle service would be provided to the students and their attendants to reach their respective examination centers on time.
Earlier, the Rawalpindi Commissioner Imdad Ullah Bosal had also directed the departments concerned that power generators should also be arranged for the four centers of Rawalpindi city and for the entry test center of Cadet College Hasanabadal. On the direction of the commissioner, CCTV cameras and mobile jammers had also been installed at all centers so that the entry test could be held in a transparent and peaceful way.
According to a City District Government (CDG) spokesman, the candidates from the Rawalpindi region, Chakwal and Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) would appear for the entry test in the examination centers of Rawalpindi.
He said that no candidate would be allowed to take mobile phones, hand bags or any other additional items into the examination centers.
In addition, no other person would be allowed to enter in the center, except the candidates with the roll number slips.
The City Traffic Officer (CTO) Syed Ishtiaq Hussain Shah informed that special arrangements had been made in this connection. He said the traffic police officials would be deployed to regulate the traffic on the routes of the entry test centers so the candidates could reach their centers without inconvenience.
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Japan protests as Chinese ships enter disputed waters
TOKYO (Reuters) - Three Chinese ships briefly entered what Japan considers its territorial waters near disputed islands in the East China Sea on Monday, prompting an official protest from Tokyo and renewed diplomatic efforts to cool tensions between the rivals.
In a move that could further complicate the territorial row that is threatening relations between Asia's biggest economies, a group of fishermen from Taiwan -- which also claims the rocky isles -- said as many as 100 boats escorted by 10 Taiwan Coast Guard vessels would arrive in the area later on Monday.
China's Xinhua news agency said in the morning that two civilian surveillance ships were undertaking a "rights defense" patrol near the islands, citing the State Oceanic Administration, which controls the ships. One fishery patrol vessel was also detected inside waters claimed by Japan.
Japan lodged an official protest.
By afternoon, all three Chinese vessels had moved further away, the Japanese Coast Guard said.
Sino-Japanese relations deteriorated sharply after Japan bought the islands, called Senkaku in Japan and Diaoyu in China, earlier this month, sparking anti-Japan protests across China.
"In recent days, Japan has constantly provoked incidents concerning the Diaoyu islands issue, gravely violating China's territorial sovereignty," China's Xinhua news agency said.
The ship patrols were intended to exercise China's "administrative jurisdiction" over the islands, it said.
"Following the relevant laws of the People's Republic of China, (the ships) again carried out a regular rights defense patrol in our territorial waters around the Diaoyu islands."
Sino-Japanese ties have long been plagued by China's memories of Japan's military aggression in the 1930s and 1940s and present rivalry over regional influence and resources.
Japanese Vice Foreign Minister Chikao Kawai will visit China on Monday to discuss Sino-Japanese relations with Chinese Vice Foreign Minister Zhang Zhijun, the Foreign Ministry said.
TAIWAN COMPLICATION
The arrival of Taiwan vessels in the area could complicate the potentially fraught game of cat-and-mouse being played near the islands, where mainland China has launched an effort to assert sovereignty by sending government ships into the disputed waters.
Taiwan television showed the boats leaving Suao port in heavy rain, sporting banners and large Taiwan flags.
The Taiwan fishing group said their boats would sail around the islands to reassert their right to fish there and did not rule out trying to land on the rocky isles.
Taiwan Defense Minister Kao Hua-chu told parliament that the military was ready for any contingency, but did not elaborate.
Taiwan has traditionally had friendly ties with Japan, but the two countries have long squabbled over fishing rights in the area. Beijing deems Taiwan to be an illegitimate breakaway province, and the two sides both argue they have inherited China's historic sovereignty over the islands, which are near rich fishing grounds and potentially huge oil and gas reserves.
The latest flare-up in tensions over the islands comes at a time when both China and Japan confront domestic political pressures. Japanese Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda's government faces an election in months, adding pressure on him not to look weak on China.
China's Communist Party is preoccupied with a leadership turnover, with President Hu Jintao due to step down as party leader at a congress that could open as soon as next month.
Noda leaves for New York on Monday to take part in the annual gathering of the U.N. General Assembly, and attention will focus on whether he refers to the dispute.
Worries are simmering that the row could hurt the economic ties that closely bind China and Japan. China is Japan's largest trading partner. In 2011, their bilateral trade grew 14.3 percent in value to a record $345 billion.
Tokyo's Nikkei China 50 index, composed of stocks of Japanese companies with significant exposure to the world's second-largest economy, shed about 1.3 percent on concerns over the dispute.
Bank of America Merrill Lynch said Japanese carmakers saw a 90 percent drop in showroom traffic and a 60 percent fall in sales in the southern Chinese province of Guangdong, the largest market for Japanese brands, since the beginning of the anti-Japan protests.
(Reporting by Kiyoshi Takenaka, Antoni Slodkowski and Dominic Lau in Tokyo, Chris Buckley in Beijing and Pichi Chuang in Suao, Taiwan; Editing by Chang-Ran Kim, Nick Macfie and Jeremy Laurence)
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/china-surveillance-ships-enter-waters-near-disputed-islands-020225596.html
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Online Lpn To Rn Programs | My Vacation
The electrical power of your Head is truly wonderful. You can use your psychological powers to achieve good results that, up until now, you have only actually dreamed of. It is a Universal reality that existence tends to transfer you in the direction of the bodily equivalent of your predominant thoughts and emotions. A great numerous folks are nicely mindful of this reality but most find it very tough to implement this information and put it to function properly in their lives. Are you a single of those individuals? If you are, then do not worry because I am about to display you how to defeat this little difficulty. It seems to most of us that our ideas are random, occasionally erratic and past our handle. Our thoughts truly do operate us most of the time. When we have an emotional reaction to a thing we have a tendency to go into computerized pondering as the unconscious plans in our thoughts take above. All way too often these packages are just rehashed memories that develop unfavorable feelings and unfavorable ideas that hinder us from relocating in the daily life route that we really want. Our dominant ideas and thoughts are generally unfavorable in naturel due to the conditioning that has taken about on this world. The actual power you wield is the conscious ability to transform your dominant automatic pondering. By undertaking so you can make certain your feelings and thoughts are far more optimistic in naturel, much more aligned with your wishes and are consequently generating the lifestyle encounters that you want. This may audio like a tall purchase but there are many excellent techniques and instruments to complete this. 1 of the finest tools to recondition your mind for good results is self hypnosis. 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It is, even so, doable for you to enter a hypnotic trance by oneself and then give by yourself meticulously decided on publish-hypnotic recommendations, with just as considerably power as any hypnotist. These can be a checklist of easy affirmations that you mentally repeat while in the deeper stages of trance. I uncover it greater to use pre-created recordings or have my very own custom hypnosis CDs built as I like to allow my brain wander during the trance state. The trance state is so comforting that most occasions you do not truly want to leave it as the acutely aware head becomes really lazy while hypnotized. This is why I choose pre-created sessions or to visit a qualified hypnotherapist. However, if you desire to perform your very own hypnotic session, which a lot of individuals do, you must very first guarantee that you have a obvious intention about your goal and the goal you have in mind before you enter into a hypnotic state. Request oneself what you want to accomplish from the hypnotic session. You can use self hypnosis and submit hypnotic ideas quite effectively to make any mental or emotional alter you can think of. When you have made a decision what it is you want to accomplish from your hypnotic session create a handful of affirmations that mirror your needs. Make confident you term these statements in the first persona and also in the third man or woman, as however you were talking to somebody else with your title. For case in point if you desire to create far more self-confidence you would write ?I expand more assured every day? and ?state your name you grow more self-assured everyday?. Also kind a psychological image of what that new self-assured you seems to be like. Think about how you will experience when you have that new located confidence. Specifically how does that ?other? you wander with self-assurance? How does that ?you? discuss with self confidence? How does the ?other you? react to each day daily life, annoying circumstances and other individuals? How does that confident you assume, dress and what is their method daily life? This image is really essential. In the course of trance you will picture that self-assured you standing prior to you and carry it to life in your minds eye. Then you will phase into this self-confident you and in fact turn out to be that person. Afterwards you must recite your affirmations whilst considering, sensation and imagining you stroll, chat, gown and strategy daily life as this assured ?other? you! This type of self hypnosis incorporates NLP and is used to right system your unconscious so that it will aid you produce that confident you in the real entire world. The affirmations act as publish-hypnotic tips which reinforce the NLP function and make certain your unconscious thoughts holds the appropriate ?self-speak? that you are constantly involved in in the course of the day. This internal dialogue can make or break a man or woman and it is crucial to system your thoughts with positive messages. To create a state of trance in order to complete these mental sequences is fairly easy. 1st uncover a quiet restful area exactly where you will not be disturbed. When there sit or lie down in a at ease place. Preserve your head seeking straight ahead and lift your eyes to look at a spot on the wall just earlier mentioned eye amount. Count from twenty down to ten in a gradual method right up until you experience your eyes start to strain. You will want to shut them. Allow your eyelids to near and continue counting until you attain the amount 1. Then picture that a lengthy winding staircase with twenty methods is there in front of you. Transfer to the initial step as you mentally say, ?20. Heading down, down, down. Deeper, deeper and ever deeper. Then consider the following stage and say, ?19. Deeper and deeper even now?. Then move to the next phase and say, ?eighteen. Heading down, down, down. Deeper, deeper and at any time deeper. Then the up coming declaring, ?17. Deeper and deeper still.? Proceed this until you achieve the final stage and imagine that the staircase has led you to a door. Open the door. Open up it and see what is there. This is your specific sanctuary in which you are relaxed and risk-free at all instances. When you enter your sanctuary carry out the mental physical exercise provided above. When you are completed your exercise routines, depend up from 1 to 10 telling by yourself that you are turning into wide awake with every single quantity. You will locate that when you return to regular consciousness you are totally revitalized but serene and peaceful. Carry out your self hypnosis everyday for 30 days and you will have developed everlasting alterations in your head and entire body. Now that you understand the method concerned with self hypnosis and now have the expertise to carry your self into a hypnotic trance, the alterations you can make and results you can develop are only restricted by your imagination! Have enjoyable.
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Saturday, September 22, 2012
Judge says anti-Muslim clip can stay on YouTube
Cindy Lee Garcia, right, one of the actresses in "Innocence of Muslims," and attorney M. Cris Armenta hold a news conference before a hearing at Los Angeles Superior Court in Los Angeles, Thursday, Sept. 20, 2012. Garcia is asking a judge to issue an injunction demanding the 14-minute trailer for "Innocence of Muslims" be pulled from YouTube. (AP Photo/Jason Redmond)
Cindy Lee Garcia, right, one of the actresses in "Innocence of Muslims," and attorney M. Cris Armenta hold a news conference before a hearing at Los Angeles Superior Court in Los Angeles, Thursday, Sept. 20, 2012. Garcia is asking a judge to issue an injunction demanding the 14-minute trailer for "Innocence of Muslims" be pulled from YouTube. (AP Photo/Jason Redmond)
Cindy Lee Garcia, left, one of the actresses in "Innocence of Muslims," arrives for a hearing at Los Angeles Superior Court in Los Angeles, Thursday, Sept. 20, 2012. Garcia is asking a judge to issue an injunction demanding the 14-minute trailer for "Innocence of Muslims" be pulled from YouTube. (AP Photo/Jason Redmond)
Cindy Lee Garcia, one of the actresses in "Innocence of Muslims," holds a news conference before a hearing at Los Angeles Superior Court in Los Angeles, Thursday, Sept. 20, 2012. Garcia is asking a judge to issue an injunction demanding the 14-minute trailer for "Innocence of Muslims" be pulled from YouTube. (AP Photo/Jason Redmond)
Cindy Lee Garcia, right, one of the actresses in "Innocence of Muslims," and attorney M. Cris Armenta hold a news conference before a hearing at Los Angeles Superior Court in Los Angeles, Thursday, Sept. 20, 2012. Garcia is asking a judge to issue an injunction demanding the 14-minute trailer for "Innocence of Muslims" be pulled from YouTube. (AP Photo/Jason Redmond)
LOS ANGELES (AP) ? A 14-minute film trailer blamed for protest violence in the Middle East will remain on YouTube, after an actress lost her legal challenge to take it down.
Cindy Lee Garcia, who appeared in "Innocence of Muslims," asked a judge to order the video removed in a Los Angeles County court Thursday.
But Superior Court Judge Luis Lavin rejected Garcia's request because she wasn't able to produce any agreement she had with the makers of "Innocence of Muslims" and the man behind the film hadn't been served with a copy of her lawsuit.
Garcia's attorney, Cris Armenta, told reporters that her client plans to return to court in three weeks with more evidence to bolster her case.
The video posted to YouTube has been linked to protests that continue to rage across the Middle East. The White House has asked YouTube to take it down and the company has refused, saying it doesn't violate its content standards.
While Thursday's legal ruling might further antagonize protesters, the lawsuit had little chance of succeeding because of a federal law that protects third parties from liability for content they handle, legal experts said.
"From the beginning this was a Hail Mary pass," said Jeremiah Reynolds, a Los Angeles attorney who specializes in intellectual property and First Amendment cases. "I think they hoped the judge would have enough sympathy for this woman to have him take the video down."
Garcia is suing for fraud and slander against Internet search giant Google, which owns YouTube, and Nakoula Basseley Nakoula, the man behind the video who has gone into hiding since it gained attention.
The 14-minute trailer depicts Muhammad as a womanizer, religious fraud and child molester.
Garcia claimed she was duped by Nakoula and that the script she saw referenced neither Muslims nor Muhammad. She also said her voice had been dubbed over after filming.
Her lawsuit mirrors similar claims made by those who said they were fooled by actor Sacha Baron Cohen during the making of "Borat" and "Bruno." The British comedian was unsuccessfully sued by some non-actors who appeared in his movie who weren't familiar with his outlandish characters.
"Although this is a much more serious situation, the (legal) analysis should be the same," Reynolds said. "It's an act that is protected by the First Amendment."
Cindy Cohen, the legal director for San Francisco-based Electronic Frontier Foundation, said Garcia does have a claim against the filmmaker but not against Google.
"The law protects Google here because they aren't the producers of the film," Cohen said. "You don't want a situation where the host is responsible for the content. Then nobody would ever be a host."
Garcia's lawsuit contends that keeping the film online violates her right of publicity, invades her privacy rights and that post-filming dialogue changes cast her in a false light.
"I think we need to take it (the film) off because it will continue to cause more problems," she said. "I think it's demoralizing, degrading."
Garcia said she has been threatened at least eight times and has called the FBI but she hasn't heard back from federal agents.
Armenta argued in court that her client was used a puppet to make the film, and she was clearly defrauded and lied to by the people behind the movie.
"She did not sign on to be a bigot," Armenta said.
Timothy Alger, the lawyer representing Google at Thursday's hearing, said the company shouldn't be responsible for what transpired between Garcia and the filmmakers. He said no matter how someone views the content "it is something of widespread debate."
YouTube has blocked users in Saudi Arabia, Libya and Egypt from viewing the clip, as well as Indonesia and India, because it violates laws in those countries.
Garcia could seek to have a judge grant an injunction against Nakoula to order him to remove the video, but it wouldn't accomplish what Garcia set out to do.
"It would have little to no effect because other websites are showing the film," Reynolds said. "It would be a moot point."
___
AP Entertainment Writer Anthony McCartney contributed to this story.
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Analysis: Like other investors, Romney enjoys lower income-tax rates
WASHINGTON (Reuters) - Living off your investments is a much better deal tax-wise in the United States than living off of a paycheck, as Mitt Romney's 2011 tax return underscored on Friday.
Days after a secret video showed him scorning the almost 47 percent of Americans who pay no federal income taxes, the Republican presidential challenger disclosed that his 2011 federal tax bill was $1.9 million.
That is a lot of money by any standards, but on an effective basis, Romney's tax rate last year was 14.1 percent. That was much lower than President Barack Obama's, at 20.5 percent, and that of Romney's running mate, Paul Ryan, at 20 percent.
The main reason: Both Obama and his wife, Michelle, and Ryan and his wife, Janna, got about half of their 2011 income from wages. Not so for Romney and his wife, Ann.
The Romneys' 2011 tax return showed adjusted gross income of $13.7 million: $3 million from taxable interest; $3.6 million from dividends; $6.8 million from capital gains; and the balance from other sources. Their wage income? Zero. That largely explains their low effective tax rate compared with that of the Obamas.
Why? The United States over the past 30 years has deliberately favored investment income over wage income, which is taxed at a top rate of 35 percent. In a combination of trickle-down economic theory and raw political power, U.S. investors have won preferred tax-code treatment.
That code has not been fully overhauled in 26 years. In that time, many interest groups have loaded it down with loopholes, exemptions, credits and other complexities, each with political allies determined to protect it. Some of those tax breaks benefit the poor and the middle class, and some the wealthy.
TAXES AND THE ELECTION
The outcome of the November 6 presidential election will go a long way toward deciding if a thorough tax code overhaul will be attempted in years ahead and, if so, what it will look like.
Take carried interest, for instance, a major source of income for Romney.
One of the wealthiest Americans ever to run for the White House, the former Massachusetts governor built a fortune buying and selling companies at Bain Capital as a private equity financier. Those lucrative years gave Romney a tax advantage.
His campaign said in January he got $13 million in income over the last two years from "carried interest," a form of earnings available under the tax code to private equity partners and some hedge fund managers.
The returns show that Romney still has an interest in funds through Bain Capital. The Ann D. Romney Blind Trust lists a long list of Bain-related transactions, for example.
Carried interest is taxed at the 15 percent investment income-tax rate, not the higher ordinary tax rate.
Private equity partners say that is appropriate because there are risks involved in their work. Critics say carried interest is actually closely comparable to wage income.
Obama has proposed curbing the carried interest tax break and taxing these gains at the ordinary income rate, while Romney's position on the issue is still unclear.
Romney's effective tax rate is lower than many high-income wage earners "because of the 15 percent rate on dividends and capital gains and also the fact that much of that income likely comes from carried interest," said Duke University tax law professor Lawrence Zelenak.
The 2011 returns show the Romneys' effective tax rate would have been just over 10 percent if they had taken the full charitable-giving deductions to which they were entitled.
Effective tax rates vary wildly from person to person due to the code's complexity. But counting all U.S. taxpayers, the average income tax rate is 11.8 percent, according to the Tax Foundation, a think tank in Washington, citing Internal Revenue Service data for 2010.
In 2011, about 46 percent of Americans paid no federal income tax, most of them because they were poor or elderly, according to the Tax Policy Center, another think tank.
Almost two-thirds of those who paid no federal income tax did pay federal employment taxes that support the Social Security pension system and the Medicare health program.
Romney's 2011 return also shows a web of investments stretching from the United States to tax-haven jurisdictions such as the Cayman Islands, Luxembourg and the Netherlands.
"This doesn't strike me as a tax situation you'd want to be in if you're running for president - to have pages and pages of these foreign investments. There are many mysteries to these returns," said Zelenak.
(Additional reporting by Kim Dixon and Patrick Temple-West; Editing by Peter Cooney)
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/analysis-other-investors-romney-enjoys-lower-income-tax-225030735--sector.html
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Friday, September 21, 2012
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Computer simulations for multiscale systems can be faster, better, more reliable
ScienceDaily (Sep. 20, 2012) ? University of Oregon scientists have found a way to correctly reproduce not only the structure but also important thermodynamic quantities such as pressure and compressibility of a large, multiscale system at variable levels of molecular coarse-graining.
The method is a mathematically driven predictive modeling of a real system, built on liquid state theory, and utilizing powerful computing resources. The team's theory appears in the Sept. 21 issue of the journal Physical Review Letters.
Understanding multiscale systems is of vital importance in biology and material engineering. Because physical properties of multiscale systems develop on an extended range of times and lengths -- with changes involving many orders of magnitude -- computer simulations at the atomic resolution can exceed even the most advanced computational capabilities.
In recent years theoretical coarse-graining methods have gained attention in the scientific community because they provide an efficient alternative to traditional simulations, which represent explicitly every atom of the molecular system. In course graining, atomistic-level information is removed to make computations at long time- and large length-scales possible. The key issue is how to develop reliable and controllable coarse-graining procedures. Most coarse-graining methods correctly predict the structure of a liquid, but they fall short in predicting thermodynamic properties such as pressure or compressibility.
The new theory has the capability to ensure both structural and thermodynamic consistency, said Marina G. Guenza, professor of theoretical physical chemistry and project leader.
Last year, in the journal Physical Review E, Guenza and doctoral student Ivan Lyubimov, a co-author of the new paper, documented a procedure to reconstruct the realistic dynamics of multiscale systems from the motion measured in dynamic simulations of coarse-grained macromolecules. In this newly published article, the same coarse-graining formalism is shown to reproduce correctly the pressure and compressibility of the system, providing a reliable method to simulate complex macromolecular systems in an extended range of length and timescales.
Thermodynamic properties are important in the mixing of liquid materials used in making plastics, said Anthony J. Clark, a UO doctoral student in physics and lead author of the new paper. "Pressure has been a high-level issue in coarse-graining," he said. "It is important to be able to reproduce the distribution of molecules in a system, and pressure is a hard physical quantity to predict. Our theory now will provide the interaction potentials of coarse-grained molecules, which correctly predict both the structure and the thermodynamics of the sample."
The improvements to the formula for the computational simulation mean that manufacturers soon may be able to use a computer code and input information for the materials they plan to mix and quickly determine the behavior of a finished product, said Guenza, a member of the UO's Institute of Theoretical Science, Materials Science Institute and Institute of Molecular Biology.
A problem in working with polymers, for example, is that they often don't blend easily. Controlling for thermodynamic components is vital.
"These molecules are very complex," said co-author Jay McCarty, a doctoral student in chemistry who derived the equations that prove the thermodynamic consistency of Clark's potential and ran the atomistic simulations the test the theory. "They move at different timescales and cover many lengthscales. Our goal is to bridge phenomena that happen at different scales at the molecular level."
Many manufacturing processes rely on often costly, time-consuming and wasteful trial-and-error procedures. While the scientific program is still under development to be extended to a larger number of systems, Guenza said, the recent developments have addressed major stumbling blocks.
On the horizon, she said, is a web-based computer program at the UO, which manufacturers and researchers will be able to access to run predictive coarse-graining simulations that will facilitate the study of polymeric systems and improve the efficiency of working with these samples.
"Dr. Guenza's work to improve our understanding of multi-scale systems has the potential to create new efficiencies in research and manufacturing," said Kimberly Andrews Espy, vice president for research and innovation, and dean of the graduate school. "It reflects the University of Oregon's commitment to re-engineering the science, manufacturing and business processes related to critical products with the aim of fostering a more sustainable future for our planet and its people."
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